Function Of Turbocharger In Diesel Engine :Boosting Performance

A turbocharger plays a pivotal role in enhancing the performance of a diesel engine. Discover the vital function of a turbocharger in a diesel engine. Learn how turbochargers enhance performance, efficiency, and power. Dive into the mechanics today.

But what is the function of turbocharger in diesel engine?

A turbocharger in a diesel engine compresses incoming air, increasing oxygen levels for better combustion, resulting in enhanced power and efficiency.

However,there are some other point you need to know for better understanding. For example, their woking principle, parts etc. So continue reading to find out more.

Depth Analysis – What Is Turbocharger? Why Is It Called Turbo?

A turbocharger, or turbo, is a forced induction device in internal combustion engines. It harnesses exhaust gas energy to compress intake air, enhancing engine power.

Distinct from mechanically driven superchargers, historically termed “turbosuperchargers,” it now denotes exhaust-driven induction.

The term “turbo” is derived from the word “turbine.” The use of the term “turbo” reflects the key role played by the turbine in the turbocharging process, which ultimately boosts the engine’s performance.

What Are The Different Types Of Turbocharged Engines?

Here are some common types of turbocharged engines:

Variable Geometry Turbo (VGT): Adjusts turbine geometry for optimal performance at different engine speeds, improving efficiency and responsiveness.
Electric Turbo: Uses an electric motor to assist the traditional turbocharger, reducing lag and providing additional power when needed.
Single Turbo: Simple design with one turbocharger, typically found in smaller engines for cost-effectiveness and ease of maintenance.
Twin Turbo: Utilizes two turbochargers to enhance performance, with one smaller turbo for low-end power and a larger one for higher RPMs.
Variable Twin Scroll Turbo: Optimizes exhaust gas flow by dividing it into two separate channels, improving efficiency across a wider range of engine speeds.
Quad Turbo: Features four turbochargers for high-performance applications, often seen in high-displacement engines for maximum power output.
Sequential Turbos: Operates in stages, with one smaller turbo for low RPMs and a larger one for higher RPMs, minimizing lag and maximizing efficiency.
Wastegate: Regulates boost pressure by diverting excess exhaust gases away from the turbine, preventing over-boost and protecting the engine.

Turbocharger Working Principle

A turbocharger comprises two primary components: the compressor and the turbine. The turbine, composed of a turbine housing and wheel, directs exhaust gas to spin the turbine wheel, with the gas exiting through an exhaust outlet.

In contrast, the compressor, consisting of a compressor wheel and housing, draws in and compresses air. The forged steel shaft connects the turbine and compressor wheels.

As the compressor wheel spins, it converts the high-velocity, low-pressure air stream into a high-pressure, low-velocity stream, enhancing engine power by enabling more efficient fuel combustion.

Working Principle Of Turbocharger In Diesel Engine

A turbocharger enhances internal combustion engine performance by utilizing a connected exhaust gas turbine and compressor. The compressor raises intake air pressure, improving engine efficiency.

Linked by a solid shaft, the exhaust gas turbine harnesses energy from exhaust gases to drive the compressor, overcoming friction and optimizing air intake for combustion.

Turbocharger Diagram

Turbocharger Parts And Functions

Exhaust Gases Spin the Turbine:

Hot exhaust gases from the engine flow through the turbine housing, spinning the turbine wheel at high speeds (up to 250,000 RPM).
This energy is used to drive the compressor wheel on the other end of the shaft.

Here are the main parts and their functions in a typical turbocharger:

Compressor Housing Outlet

Function: Directs compressed air from the compressor wheel to the engine’s intake manifold.

Backplate

Function: Supports the compressor housing and provides a mounting surface for the entire turbocharger assembly.

Center Housing

Function: Houses the rotating assembly, which consists of the turbine and compressor wheels.

Oil Inlet

Function: Supplies oil to lubricate and cool the rotating assembly.

Turbine Wheel

Function: Driven by exhaust gases, it spins the shaft that connects it to the compressor wheel, causing the compressor wheel to also spin.

Turbine Outlet

Function: Allows exhaust gases to exit after driving the turbine wheel.

Turbine Inlet

Function: Guides exhaust gases into the turbine housing to drive the turbine wheel.

Oil Outlet

Function: Drains oil after it has passed through the turbocharger to lubricate and cool the rotating assembly.

Ball Bearing Cartridge

Function: Houses the ball bearings that support the rotating assembly, reducing friction and allowing for smoother operation at higher speeds.

Compressor Wheel

Function: Draws in and compresses ambient air, increasing its pressure before directing it into the engine’s intake manifold.

Compressor Housing Inlet

Function: Allows ambient air to enter the compressor housing before being compressed by the compressor wheel.

Speed Sensor Port

Function: Provides a location for a speed sensor that monitors the rotational speed of the turbocharger’s shaft.

Applications of Turbocharger

Petrol car engines
Diesel car and van engines
Occasional use in motorcycle engines
Bus diesel engines
Diesel truck engines
Marine engines
Aircraft piston engines
Locomotive engines for trains
Industrial/Stationary engines

Function Of Turbocharger In Marine Diesel Engine

Increases engine efficiency by compressing incoming air
Boosts power output without increasing engine size
Enhances fuel combustion, improving overall performance
Reduces emissions by optimizing fuel-air mixture
Vital for high-speed marine applications

Advantages Of Turbocharger In Diesel Engine

Increased Power: Turbochargers boost air intake, enhancing combustion for more power.
Improved Efficiency: Enhanced air compression leads to better fuel combustion, increasing fuel efficiency.
Torque Enhancement: Turbochargers deliver higher torque at lower RPMs, improving overall engine performance.
Emissions Reduction: Efficient combustion reduces emissions, meeting environmental standards.
Altitude Compensation: Maintains engine performance at high altitudes where air density is lower.
Downsizing Potential: Allows smaller engines to produce power equivalent to larger, naturally aspirated ones.

Turbo Diesel Problems

Here are some common problems associated with turbo diesel engines:

1. Sluggish Acceleration

Reduced power output leading to slow pickup and responsiveness, possibly due to fuel injection or turbocharger issues.

2. Oil Starvation

Insufficient lubrication causing engine components to wear faster, potentially leading to long-term damage and decreased performance.

3. Power Loss

Significant reduction in engine power, affecting overall vehicle performance, commonly caused by issues with fuel delivery or turbocharger malfunction.

4. Poor Lubrication

Inadequate oil circulation, risking friction and heat buildup within the engine, potentially causing damage to critical components over time.

5. Excessive Fuel Consumption

Increased fuel usage beyond normal levels, often associated with inefficient combustion, fuel injection problems, or issues with the turbocharger.

6. Compressor Housing Leaking Oil

Turbocharger seal failure causing oil leaks from the compressor housing, leading to decreased turbo efficiency and potential engine damage.

7. Oil Leaks

Engine oil escaping from seals or gaskets, indicating potential issues with seals, gaskets, or other components, risking lubrication system efficiency.

8. Whining Engine

Unusual high-pitched noise, often associated with problems in the turbocharger, indicating potential wear or damage to its moving parts.

9. Exhaust Smoke

Abnormal smoke emissions from the exhaust, signaling potential issues with fuel injection, turbocharger, or internal engine problems.

Turbocharger Vs Supercharger

Feature	Turbocharger	Supercharger
Power Source	Harnesses kinetic energy from exhaust gas	Mechanically driven by the engine
Mechanical Load on Engine	No	Yes
Throttle Response	Better throttle response	Instant throttle response
Exhaust Back Pressure	Creates exhaust back pressure	Does not contribute to exhaust back pressure
Heat Soak Concerns	May contribute to heat soak in the intake system	Less likely to heat soak the intake air, suitable for applications where throttle response is crucial
Drive Mechanism	Utilizes 2 fans – a compressor fan and a turbine fan	Driven directly by the engine through a belt pulley

Turbocharger Vs Supercharger

FAQ

What are the functions of turbocharger?

A turbocharger compresses air and increases its density before delivering it to an internal combustion engine, enhancing combustion efficiency and power output. This results in improved fuel efficiency and performance.

What is turbocharger in diesel engine?

A turbocharger in a diesel engine is a device that compresses air entering the engine, increasing its oxygen content for improved combustion and enhanced performance.

Why do you need a turbo for a diesel?

A turbocharger enhances diesel engine performance by forcing more air into the combustion chamber, allowing for better fuel combustion and increased power output.

How does turbocharger reduce fuel consumption?

Turbochargers harness a vehicle’s heat energy and velocity to spin a turbine, powering a compressor that boosts air intake. This enhances combustion, optimizing fuel efficiency.

Does turbo increase fuel?

Yes, adding a turbocharger generally increases fuel consumption due to higher engine power and increased demand for air and fuel, resulting in a loss in fuel economy.

Does turbocharger increase speed?

Yes, a turbocharger increases engine speed and power by compressing air entering the combustion chamber.

Does turbocharger increase engine RPM?

Yes, a turbocharger increases engine RPM.

What is the disadvantage of turbo engine?

Turbocharged engines may have increased maintenance costs and potential reliability issues due to added complexity, higher temperatures, and increased stress on engine components.

Does a turbo increase torque or RPM?

A turbocharger increases torque by compressing air entering the engine, allowing more fuel to be burned.

Conclusion

What can I say at the end? Here is the repetition of the function of turbocharger in diesel engine:

Increases engine efficiency by compressing air before it enters the combustion chamber
Enhances power output by allowing more fuel to be burned
Improves fuel efficiency by maximizing the air-fuel mixture
Reduces emissions by promoting complete combustion
Enhances overall engine performance and responsiveness

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